Rachel Coini-Fregge

Simon Coini was a son of Hartog Coini and Rebecke van Beem. He was born on 1 November 1878 in Amsterdam and, like his father, he was a barber by trade. Simon came from a family of six children, of which he was the fifth and the second Simon in the family; the first Simon (1873) had died in the same year 1873, aged only eleven months. His eldest sister Rachel (1869) died in 1935, his youngest siste…

The Ausnahme-Bescheinigung, the ultimate exemption from deportation.

In the summer of 1943, a very large proportion of Dutch Jews had already been deported. This meant that the right to exist of the Jewish Council had been affected in a proportionate way and that many Jewish Council functions and the associated “Sperres” - exemptions from deportation - were abolished. The last group of Jewish Coun…